# ADR-004: Standardized Application-Wide Structured Logging

**Date**: 2025-12-12

**Status**: Proposed

## Context

Our application currently uses a `logger` service, but the implementation of logging varies significantly across different modules. The `errorHandler` middleware produces high-quality, structured JSON logs for errors, but logging within route handlers and service layers is often ad-hoc, using plain strings or inconsistent object structures.

This inconsistency leads to several problems:
**Difficult Debugging**: It is hard to trace a single user request through the system or correlate events related to a specific operation.
**Ineffective Log Analysis**: Inconsistent log formats make it difficult to effectively query, filter, and create dashboards in a log management system (like Datadog, Splunk, or the ELK stack).
**Security Risks**: There is no enforced standard for redacting sensitive information (like passwords or tokens) in logs outside of the `errorHandler`, increasing the risk of accidental data exposure.
**Missing Context**: Logs often lack crucial context, such as a unique request ID, the authenticated user's ID, or the source IP address, making them less useful for diagnosing issues.

## Decision

We will adopt a standardized, application-wide structured logging policy. All log entries MUST be in JSON format and adhere to a consistent schema.

**Request-Scoped Logger with Context**: We will create a middleware that runs at the beginning of the request lifecycle. This middleware will:

- Generate a unique `request_id` for each incoming request.
- Create a request-scoped logger instance (a "child logger") that automatically includes the `request_id`, `user_id` (if authenticated), and `ip_address` in every log message it generates.
- Attach this child logger to the `req` object (e.g., `req.log`).

**Mandatory Use of Request-Scoped Logger**: All route handlers and any service functions called by them **MUST** use the request-scoped logger (`req.log`) instead of the global logger instance. This ensures all logs for a given request are automatically correlated.

**Standardized Log Schema**: All log messages should follow a base schema. The logger configuration will be updated to enforce this.
**Base Fields**: `level`, `timestamp`, `message`, `request_id`, `user_id`, `ip_address`.
**Error Fields**: When logging an error, the log entry MUST include an `error` object with `name`, `message`, and `stack`.

**Standardized Logging Practices**:
**INFO**: Log key business events, such as `User logged in` or `Flyer processed`.
**WARN**: Log recoverable errors or unusual situations that do not break the request, such as `Client Error: 404 on GET /api/non-existent-route` or `Retrying failed database connection`.
**ERROR**: Log only unhandled or server-side errors that cause a request to fail (typically handled by the `errorHandler`). Avoid logging expected client errors (like 4xx) at this level.
**DEBUG**: Log detailed diagnostic information useful during development, such as function entry/exit points or variable states.

### Example Usage

```typescript
// In a new middleware file: logger.middleware.ts
import { logger } from '../services/logger.server';
import { randomUUID } from 'crypto';

export const requestLogger = (req, res, next) => {
  const requestId = randomUUID();
  // Create a child logger with context for this request
  req.log = logger.child({
    request_id: requestId,
    user_id: req.user?.user_id, // Assumes user is attached by auth middleware
    ip_address: req.ip,
  });
  next();
};

// In server/app setup:
// app.use(requestLogger); // Add this early in the middleware chain

// In a route handler:
router.get('/:id', async (req, res, next) => {
  // Use the request-scoped logger
  req.log.info({ flyerId: req.params.id }, 'Fetching flyer by ID');
  try {
    // ... business logic ...
    res.json(flyer);
  } catch (error) {
    // The error itself will be logged with full context by the errorHandler
    next(error);
  }
});
```

## Consequences

### Positive

**Enhanced Observability**: Every log line from a single request can be instantly grouped and analyzed, dramatically speeding up debugging.
**Improved Security**: Centralizing the addition of context (like `user_id`) reduces the chance of developers manually logging sensitive data.
**Scalable Log Management**: Consistent JSON logs are easily ingested and indexed by any modern log aggregation tool.
**Clearer Code**: Removes the need to manually pass contextual information (like user ID) down to service functions just for logging purposes.

### Negative

**Refactoring Effort**: Requires adding the `requestLogger` middleware and refactoring all routes and services to use `req.log` instead of the global `logger`.
**Slight Performance Overhead**: Creating a child logger for every request adds a minor performance cost, though this is negligible for most modern logging libraries.